Geopolitical risk - This paper provides evidence on the dynamic spillover among geopolitical risk, climate risk, and energy markets from an international perspective.Based on data from 13 countries between December 2002 and February 2022, we firstly confirm an overall connectedness among energy future prices, i.e., crude oil, heating oil and natural gas, …

 
Introduction. In recent years, geopolitical risks such as 9·11 terrorist attacks, 1 the Syrian War, Afghanistan War, and the recent Russian-Ukrainian war not only have a negative impact on the lives of their people, but also influence investment decisions in the stock market. Nowadays, with the instability of politics and economy, the conflicts and …. Coco's day spa and salon

Geopolitical risk is currently front and center for executive management and boards. The war in Ukraine and accompanying geopolitical disruptions are an action-forcing event for nearly every multinational company and investor, regardless of the size of the business or portfolio at risk. At FCLTGlobal’s recent executive summit, executives ...The International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) is cited as ‘the most authoritative,’ ‘forward-looking,’ and ‘market-tested’ geopolitical-risk series globally. The ICRG offers a 45+ year data series comprising some 200 individual geopolitical risk metrics adjusted daily and updated monthly for 141 developed, emerging, and frontier ...Key steps to effectively integrate the management of geopolitical risks into broader strategic planning and risk management.Forecasting geopolitical risks is difficult and subjective: it must be integrated into the “country” risk and broken down by asset class, geographical area, sector of activity and company (some of which are more sensitive to political decisions - energy, digital, finance, arms). The need for higher returns: future investment returns are ...So how volatile or risky is the policy environment of a country and how stable is the government Pursuing those policies combines them into a risk indicator and ...3 A 2016 survey of 1,409 GVC professionals puts geopolitical risk 12th out of 13 risks (O’Marah 2017). 4or a more detailed analysis of geopolitical risks, see Solingen and Inomata (2021) and Solingen (2021).F 5 Baldwin (2020) defines economic statecraft as the use of economic means to pursue foreign policy objectives—Jun 5, 2023 · Geopolitical events have become a major source of economic and financial market uncertainty all over the world. Geopolitical risk is defined by Caldara and Iacoviello (2022) as the “threat, realization, and escalation of adverse events associated with wars, terrorism, and any tensions among states and political actors that affect the peaceful course of international relations”. We provide geopolitical risk consulting and advisory services and solutions that are timely, market-relevant and forward-looking. We help business leaders understand political events and their implications for corporations and financial markets – from a company’s local footprint to its global supply chain, and a country’s fiscal policy to ...EIU’s Risk outlook 2023 provides a look at the economic, political and geopolitical risks facing the global operating environment, with our in-depth expert risk analysis. Explore the ten key risk factors and scenarios that will impact the economy in the coming year. Download the free report.Mar 9, 2023 · Listen to senior partners Andrew Grant and Ziad Haider discuss how geopolitical risk is changing the world and how leaders can respond. Learn about the implications of the war in Ukraine, the US-China competition, and the challenges of supply chains, capital, and people. The International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) is cited as ‘the most authoritative,’ ‘forward-looking,’ and ‘market-tested’ geopolitical-risk series globally. The ICRG offers a 45+ year data series comprising some 200 individual geopolitical risk metrics adjusted daily and updated monthly for 141 developed, emerging, and frontier ...According to Caldara and Iacoviello (2022), geopolitical risk can be divided into two categories: country-specific geopolitical risk (geopolitical risk directly related to a country) and global geopolitical risk. Table 1 illustrates the relationship between China's monthly local country-specific geopolitical risk and global geopolitical risk. It is evident …Although geopolitical risk has traditionally been approached from a qualitative aspect, what makes it a novel risk is the application of innovative techniques to measure it. The authors compare methodologies and applications of geopolitical risk measures constructed using three broad approaches: empirical models of asset prices, … Geopolitical risk is the risk associated with tensions or actions between actors (state and non-state) that affect the normal and peaceful course of international relations. Geopolitical risk tends to rise when the geographic and political factors underpinning country relations shift. There are three basic types of geopolitical risk: event risk, Three Strategies to Better Manage Geopolitical Risk · Take a multi-country approach · Protect your balance sheet, not just physical assets · Build resiliency&n...Oil prices edged up about 1% on Wednesday on a bigger-than-expected U.S. crude storage withdrawal, a slump in U.S. crude output, Chinese economic stimulus, geopolitical tensions and a weaker dollar. geopolitical翻译:地缘政治的,地缘政治学的。了解更多。 Forecasting geopolitical risks is difficult and subjective: it must be integrated into the “country” risk and broken down by asset class, geographical area, sector of activity and company (some of which are more sensitive to political decisions - energy, digital, finance, arms). The need for higher returns: future investment returns are ...The geopolitical risk index is based on a tally of newspaper articles related to six categories of geopolitical events and tensions in 11 leading newspapers for each month. Caldara and Iacoviello (2018) distinguish between the direct detrimental impact of geopolitical events and the impact of purely geopolitical risks:Political risk is a type of risk faced by investors, corporations, and governments that political decisions, events, or conditions will significantly affect the profitability of a business actor or the expected value of a given economic action. Political risk can be understood and managed with reasoned foresight and investment. The term political risk has had …Figure 1 displays the network relationships between the individual geopolitical risks examined in the FY2022-23 Australian DRA. Our experts believe Extreme Weather Events and The Russian Challenge to be the most likely and severe geopolitical risks for FY2022-23. However, they are not highly interconnected with other risks, and not likely to ... Understanding the relationship and the role of geopolitical risk in asset prices is important for investors, companies, and government policymakers, in order to incorporate the magnitude of geopolitical risk into the valuation of asset prices and risk insurance, as well as to support markets in effectively absorbing the impacts of such risks. Sep 8, 2022 · Geopolitical risk is at the top of the CEO agenda, according to McKinsey’s latest survey of global economic conditions. In the face of fragmentation and uncertainty, many business leaders are responding by intensifying their focus on resilience. For the past three decades, going global meant unlocking specialization and scale, developing ... Measuring Geopolitical Risk A more recent approach to measuring the impact of geopolitical risks on the fair value of financial assets was undertaken by Caldara and Iacoviello (2019). They constructed a dedicated Geopolitical Risk (GPR) index by looking for words associated with wars, civil wars, and terrorism in 11 newspapers in the 7. Arrested global development. Women and girls will suffer the most, losing hard-earned rights, opportunities, and security. Read the risk. 8. Divided States of America. There is a continuing risk of political violence in the US, even as some who participated in the Capitol riots go to prison.Jan 1, 2023 · Geopolitical risk is allowed to have differential effects on capital flows, which are captured by the coefficient β 2. β 1 plus β 2 reflect the impact of geopolitical risk on capital flows in advanced countries. The vector X i t contains a series of push factors and pull factors which affect capital flows independently. Sep 1, 2023 · In contrast, the geopolitical risk trend includes information beyond basics related to money, commodities, and energy. Due to the increased geopolitical risk, which affects economic activities and oil production and places more significant shocks on future demand than on supply, oil prices decrease dramatically. Geopolitical risk is a subcategory of political risk that stems from conflicts and tensions between countries that disrupt international relations. 2 While highly consequential, until recently adverse geopolitical events seldom occurred and mainly occurred in only a few countries. The landscape has since changed as numerous …Mar 2, 2023 · The web page shares insights from three global companies on how they navigate and manage geopolitical risks in 2023, such as the Russia–Ukraine conflict, China–US relations, and COVID-19. It also discusses the importance of government affairs, disinformation, and information in a multipolar world. Geopolitical risk is one of the key factors whilst giving an investment decision both for individuals and corporations and hence heightened geopolitical risk has several economic and financial consequences such as shrinkage in output (Cheng & Chiu, 2018), substantial flee from equity market and thus significant change in portfolio …Top Geopolitical Risks for 2022. Below is a flurry of thoughts about the year ahead from a geopolitical risk vantage point. It’s a casual read best skimmed over the first sip or two of coffee before your brain is fully engaged. It’s not a short read at 5k words (16.7 mins for the average reader…), but hopefully has a thing or two you ...Questions to ask about key business risks arising from geopolitical and related crises. Strategic, operational, financial and compliance risks are common level-one risk categories that board members and management need to consider. Reputational risk could be amplified if any or all of these risks are not mitigated properly.A framework to assess and price geopolitical risks. Geopolitical risks are on the rise – and can have meaningful impacts on the global economy, financial markets and investment portfolios. Such impacts are difficult to quantify or to predict. BlackRock has launched an effort to better measure and monitor geopolitical risks and their market ...The geopolitical risk (GPR) index spikes around the two world wars, at the beginning of the Korean War, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, and after 9/11. Higher geopolitical risk foreshadows lower investment and employment and is associated with higher disas-ter probability and larger downside risks. The adverse consequences of the GPR index are ...The next decade will be characterized by environmental and societal crises, driven by underlying geopolitical and economic trends. “Cost-of-living crisis” is ranked as the most severe global risk over the next two years, peaking in the short term.“Biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse” is viewed as one of the fastest deteriorating global risks …Join the webcast on 23 January: top 10 geopolitical developments for 2024 and the associated business opportunities and challenges. Authors. Courtney Rickert …Mar 9, 2023 · Listen to senior partners Andrew Grant and Ziad Haider discuss how geopolitical risk is changing the world and how leaders can respond. Learn about the implications of the war in Ukraine, the US-China competition, and the challenges of supply chains, capital, and people. By Mia Wallace. Mar 26, 2024. With half the world’s population going to the polls in 2024, geopolitical risk and its impact on the balance sheet of reinsurers and insurers has rarely felt more ...By Mia Wallace. Mar 26, 2024. With half the world’s population going to the polls in 2024, geopolitical risk and its impact on the balance sheet of reinsurers and insurers has rarely felt more ...The confluence of geopolitical risk and ESG issues. Derek Leatherdale, Managing Director of GRI Strategies, discusses the recently released joint Risk Coalition / GRI Strategies principles-based guidance for Geopolitical risk oversight and its integration with ESG issues for boards, risk committees and risk functions. Read moreAbstract. Geopolitical risk will increasingly confront EU banks and their supervisors in the coming years. This paper assesses four specific manifestations of this type of risk and the related banking vulnerabilities and proposes new or modified priorities for European Central Bank banking supervision. This document was provided by the Economic ...Geopolitical risk is the number one global corporate risk. Internationally it poses increasing management challenges, particularly at board level. Increased volatility in previously stable regions and the uncertainties that follow political change are key geopolitical drivers of familiar and emerging risks. Challenges are being created by ...With the world focusing its attention on major blue chips amid the crisis, it may be time to consider small-cap stocks to buy. Being on the downlow is a good thing, especially with...Escalating geopolitical factors are closely related to climate warming, but researchers have not fully considered this. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the interaction between geopolitical risk (GPR) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in China. This paper uses the recently developed GPR index and a bootstrap Granger rolling-window …Geopolitics x Economics. Business executives and investors make decisions in a world rife with geopolitical risks. Taking the form of populism or protectionism, collective backlashes against globalization are becoming increasingly prevalent—unsettling G7 economies such as the UK, France and Italy, as well as emerging economies, such as Brazil and India.The geopolitical risk (GPR) index spikes around the two world wars, at the beginning of the Korean War, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, and after 9/11. Higher geopolitical risk foreshadows lower investment and employment and is associated with higher disaster probability and larger downside risks. The adverse consequences of the …Subsequently, geopolitical risks seem to affect the platinum futures contracts. The variance equations from the models with geopolitical risks, acts, and threats indicate a statistical significance of α and β coefficients at 1% level. It is observed that the historical volatility values have a more considerable impact on the h t shifts.Integrated and immediate mitigation is more critical as we face some of the most difficult geoeconomic conditions in a generation, where we see a shift to a low-investment, low-growth, low-cooperation …Partnering with RANE a leader in geopolitical risk intelligence and expert network firm, Florida Atlantic University’s Certificate in Geopolitical Analysis will provide business professionals with an understanding of Geopolitics to better identify and plan for global risk versus opportunity in the business cycle. Format: Tues./Wed./Thurs.Mar 30, 2021 · Turning Geopolitical Risk into Strategic Advantage. March 30, 2021 By Clint Follette , Marc Gilbert , Ilshat Haris , Michael McAdoo, and Pattabi Seshadri. In volatile times such as these, a company’s instinct is to focus on defense—to protect the business from harm. Some companies, however, not only navigate disruption successfully but ... Geopolitical risk is a strategic risk that does not sit in a silo and should not be viewed as a standalone risk. In our increasingly interconnected world, geopolitical events exacerbate and interlink with existing business-critical risks. For example, supply chains, cybersecurity, legal and compliance, reputation, and financial stability ...Companies are walking a geopolitical tightrope. As political frictions inside and among regions heat up, the likelihood increases that they will affect a global enterprise’s operations, performance, or …Higher geopolitical risk is associated with lower stock liquidity. Largest decrease in stock liquidity is in correspondence of stocks traded in less liquid markets. In this paper, we examine the relationship between geopolitical risk and stock liquidity. Using an international sample of publicly listed firms, we find that higher geopolitical ...Geopolitics x Economics. Business executives and investors make decisions in a world rife with geopolitical risks. Taking the form of populism or protectionism, collective backlashes against globalization are becoming increasingly prevalent—unsettling G7 economies such as the UK, France and Italy, as well as emerging economies, such as Brazil and India.Nov 6, 2021 · Geopolitical risk (GPR) tends to cascade from one country to another. Understanding GPR transmission is important to devising risk management strategies for institutional investors and corporate managers, and national security policies for governments. In this paper, we measure and explain cross-country transmission of GPR. Our sample covers 19 country-based GPR indexes of Caldara and ... Political risk is the risk an investment's returns could suffer as a result of political changes or instability in a country. Instability affecting investment returns could stem from a change in ...5 Feb 2024 ... Geopolitical risks are constantly evolving, and companies must stay informed and adapt their strategies accordingly. This includes regularly ...Escalating geopolitical factors are closely related to climate warming, but researchers have not fully considered this. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the interaction between geopolitical risk (GPR) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in China. This paper uses the recently developed GPR index and a bootstrap Granger rolling-window …Escalating geopolitical factors are closely related to climate warming, but researchers have not fully considered this. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the interaction between geopolitical risk (GPR) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in China. This paper uses the recently developed GPR index and a bootstrap Granger rolling-window …The Volatility and Risk Institute has embarked on a study of geopolitical risk and its relation to financial risks. This research seeks to understand the sources and consequences of geopolitical risks. The output of this study has implications for portfolio construction and risk management as well as sensible business and governmental …The unit’s consultants deliver their geopolitical risk-evaluation services both as one-off events and, alternatively, as part of long-term retention relationships. Some clients seek five- to 10 ...10 of the Biggest Geopolitical Risks by Likelihood and Impact. Megan Greene. China Zero-COVID policy. Russia Cutting Off Gas to Europe. Food Insecurity …Oil prices edged up about 1% on Wednesday on a bigger-than-expected U.S. crude storage withdrawal, a slump in U.S. crude output, Chinese economic stimulus, geopolitical tensions and a weaker dollar.23 Jan 2024 ... The neutral outlooks for other sectors reflect high oil price assumptions and supportive economic conditions. The conflict is having negative ...Morning Consult’s Asia-Pacific Geopolitical Risk Outlook Report provides a comprehensive, data-driven assessment of public attitudes toward key issues at the intersection of politics and economics across five major APAC markets: Australia, China, India, Japan and South Korea. It includes an Executive Dashboard to guide decision …Geopolitical risk is defined by Caldara and Iacoviello (2022) as the “threat, realization, and escalation of adverse events associated with wars, terrorism, and any … A key risk indicator (KRI) is a metric for measuring the likelihood that the combined probability of an event and its consequences will exceed the organization's risk appetite and have a profoundly negative impact on an organization's ability to be successful. Key risk indicators play an important role in enterprise risk management programs. Abstract. Geopolitical risk will increasingly confront EU banks and their supervisors in the coming years. This paper assesses four specific manifestations of this type of risk and the related banking vulnerabilities and proposes new or modified priorities for European Central Bank banking supervision. This document was provided by the Economic ...G lobal political risk has risen to historic highs and geopolitical volatility is likely to persist in the years ahead – and companies are responding accordingly. The latest EY CEO Outlook Survey January 2023 (pdf) found almost all CEOs (97%) have altered their strategies in response to geopolitical challenges. For instance, 41% have reconfigured …Abstract. This paper examines the time-varying effect of oil price on geopolitical risk. Using monthly panel data of 16 countries for the period 1997:M01 – 2020:M02 and employing a varying-coefficient nonparametric panel data model, we find that oil price as well as its volatility have a time-varying effect on geopolitical risk.The impact of geopolitical risks on rare earth supply chains is yet to be investigated in AJG-listed journal articles. Technological solutions to improve supply chain resilience in the face of geopolitical shocks are often futuristic, lacking empirically informed case studies that show real-life current applications and how these applications ...Gold and silver can be profitable investments. They are particularly favored during times of high inflation or when there is a fair amount of geopolitical turmoil. Gold and silver ...InvestorPlace - Stock Market News, Stock Advice & Trading Tips With geopolitical tensions and a global economic rebound, 2022 was a year to bu... InvestorPlace - Stock Market N...“Geopolitics used to be considered a lower-level financial risk. Now, it may be the top risk.” — Chris Hyzy, Chief Investment Officer for Merrill and Bank of ...Economic Policy Uncertainty Index. Geopolitical Risk Index. Download Data (New Methodology) Annotated GPR Index. We are pleased to host the Geopolitical Risk …Join the webcast on 23 January: top 10 geopolitical developments for 2024 and the associated business opportunities and challenges. Authors. Courtney Rickert …Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 triggered more than 1,000 companies to curtail their operations in the world’s 11th biggest economy, revealing an imperative for global firms to bolster their ability to anticipate geopolitical risk and build resilience. The global order still reels from disruptions related to the war in Ukraine ...The USD 3bn Standby Agreement (SBA), which Pakistan secured in July, is scheduled to expire on 11 April. Following the expiry of the SBA, Pakistan will require a long-term financial assistance programme, one that an elected government will have the mandate to undertake. 17-19 Apr 2024. G7 foreign ministers’ meeting.The Russia-Ukraine crisis has resulted in tragic losses of life, the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people, and political and economic disruptions on ...Political risk is the risk an investment's returns could suffer as a result of political changes or instability in a country. Instability affecting investment returns could stem from a change in ...The Russia-Ukraine crisis has resulted in tragic losses of life, the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people, and political and economic disruptions on ...Three Strategies to Better Manage Geopolitical Risk · Take a multi-country approach · Protect your balance sheet, not just physical assets · Build resiliency&n...Our control variable of interest is the Geopolitical Risk (GPR) index by Caldara and Iacoviello (2022).The index is based on text searches on the electronic archives of 10 leading newspapers 4 counting the “share of articles discussing adverse geopolitical events and associated threats” (Caldara & Iacoviello, 2022, p. 1197) and measures “real …Mar 12, 2024 · Through a partnership with the world’s leading think tanks, development of global and regional risks reports, and ongoing analysis and dialogue, the Forum is working to provide insight that can assist stakeholders in improving the state of the world. The Forum’s work on Global Risks and Geopolitics builds understanding of the fast-changing ... The geopolitical risk (GPR) indices in Caldara and Iacoviello (2022) are used to explore the spillover and dynamic connectedness between energy price volatilities, geopolitical risk and climate risk. To match the dataset of climate risk, we choose the 13 countries mentioned above to explore in-country and cross-country spillover effects.18 Aug 2023 ... War and the threat of war are the primary geopolitical developments that can upset markets. War is hard to predict. An errant missile or ...Top Geopolitical Risks of 2023 S&P Global. The world is changing. Geopolitical fragmentation is being fueled by COVID-19, the war in Ukraine, U.S.-China relations and more. Here, we outline 2023’s top geopolitical risks. Geopolitical Risk. Look Forward: Funding the Future.Jan 29, 2024 · Geopolitical risk (GPR) is the potential for crises like wars, terrorist attacks, and conflicts that can impact international relations between countries significantly. It includes the likelihood of these risks occurring and the additional risks resulting from the intensification of current events. The impact of geopolitical risks on rare earth supply chains is yet to be investigated in AJG-listed journal articles. Technological solutions to improve supply chain resilience in the face of geopolitical shocks are often futuristic, lacking empirically informed case studies that show real-life current applications and how these applications ...

G lobal political risk has risen to historic highs and geopolitical volatility is likely to persist in the years ahead – and companies are responding accordingly. The latest EY CEO Outlook Survey January 2023 (pdf) found almost all CEOs (97%) have altered their strategies in response to geopolitical challenges. For instance, 41% have reconfigured …. Cloud dvr

geopolitical risk

The annual Geostrategic Outlook presents analysis by the EY Geostrategic Business Group (GBG) on the global political risk environment in the year ahead. To select the top 10 geopolitical developments in the 2024 Geostrategic Outlook, the GBG first conducted a crowdsourced horizon scanning exercise to identify potential political risks.According to the 2024 Global Risks Perception Survey: "The majority of respondents (54%) anticipate some instability and a moderate risk of global …Geopolitical volatility has become a key driver of uncertainty, and will remain one over the next few years. The three risks with geopolitical consequences and interconnections examined in this study—protectionism, energy crisis, and water and food scarcities—are growing. While the threat of growing protectionism is a daily feature in the ...In a fast-fragmenting world, geopolitical risk has vaulted to the top of the CEO agenda. Here’s what today’s fraught global dynamics mean for leader.18 Jan 2023 ... 2023 Top Geopolitical Risks · Global Economic Slowdown · Continued Supply Chain Challenges · US Presidential Election Ramp Up · Ukraine/...Measuring Geopolitical Risk by Dario Caldara and Matteo Iacoviello. Published in volume 112, issue 4, pages 1194-1225 of American Economic Review, April 2022, Abstract: We present a news-based measure of adverse geopolitical events and associated risks. The geopolitical risk (GPR) index spikes aroun...With geopolitical pressures weighing heavily on energy security, the best hydrogen stocks to buy now enjoy a cynical catalyst. With energy in focus, these innovators are supremely ... The article identifies and analyzes the most likely and impactful geopolitical risks in 2024, such as Russia-NATO tensions, cyber attacks, US-China relations and climate change. It also discusses the implications of these risks for global trade, finance and security. Our control variable of interest is the Geopolitical Risk (GPR) index by Caldara and Iacoviello (2022).The index is based on text searches on the electronic archives of 10 leading newspapers 4 counting the “share of articles discussing adverse geopolitical events and associated threats” (Caldara & Iacoviello, 2022, p. 1197) and measures “real …Solutions ... Independent data and analysis for opportunity sizing, local partner selection, government stakeholder assessment and risk assessment. ... Transparent ...24 May 2022 ... The guiding principle is that geopolitical risk, like any other external risk, can be proactively managed. This guide is meant to help ...3 A 2016 survey of 1,409 GVC professionals puts geopolitical risk 12th out of 13 risks (O’Marah 2017). 4or a more detailed analysis of geopolitical risks, see Solingen and Inomata (2021) and Solingen (2021).F 5 Baldwin (2020) defines economic statecraft as the use of economic means to pursue foreign policy objectives—BlackRock Geopolitical Risk Indicator. Source: BlackRock Investment Institute, with data from Refinitiv. Data as of October 31, 2019. Notes: We identify specific words related to this geopolitical risk in general and to our top -10 risks. We then use text analysis to calculate the frequency of their appearance in the Refinitiv Broker Report and ...Mar 2, 2023 · The web page shares insights from three global companies on how they navigate and manage geopolitical risks in 2023, such as the Russia–Ukraine conflict, China–US relations, and COVID-19. It also discusses the importance of government affairs, disinformation, and information in a multipolar world. “Geopolitics used to be considered a lower-level financial risk. Now, it may be the top risk.” — Chris Hyzy, Chief Investment Officer for Merrill and Bank of ...Feb 29, 2020 · Geopolitical risk is the latest add-on to the risk management approach that increasingly concurs with international financial and business practice, particularly when navigating the dark waters of globalization, e.g., nationalization of FDI (Minor 2003) and the disruption of global supply chains. The Global Risks Report 2022, 17th Edition, is published by the World Economic Forum. The information in this report, or on which this report is based, has been obtained from sources that the authors believe to be reliable and accurate. However, it has not been independently verified and ... and geopolitical tensions. In the poorest 52 …10 Jan 2024 ... The consulting firm Eurasia Group called 2024 a year of "grave concern" as the U.S. deals with significant internal political challenges, ...1. Introduction. Geopolitics is the politics of international relations between countries, focusing on political power linked to economic resources and geographic space such as territorial waters, land in correlation with diplomatic history (Overland, 2019).Caldara and Iacoviello (2022) define geopolitical risk (GPR) as “the risk associated with wars, ….

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